Nutrition
Honey is a mixture of sugars and other compounds. With
respect to carbohydrates, honey is mainly fructose
(about 38.5%) and glucose (about 31.0%), making it
similar to the synthetically produced inverted sugar
syrup which is approximately 48% fructose, 47%
glucose, and 5% sucrose. Honey's remaining
carbohydrates include maltose, sucrose, and other
complex carbohydrates. Honey contains trace amounts of
several vitamins and minerals.[20] As with all
nutritive sweeteners, honey is mostly sugars and is
not a significant source of vitamins or minerals.
Honey also contains tiny amounts of several compounds
thought to function as antioxidants, including chrysin,
pinobanksin, vitamin C, catalase, and pinocembrin. The
specific composition of any batch of honey depends on
the flowers available to the bees that produced the
honey.
Typical honey analysis.
- Fructose: 38.2%
- Glucose: 31.3%
- Sucrose: 1.3%
- Maltose: 7.1%
- Water: 17.2%
- Higher sugars:
1.5%
- Ash: 0.2%
-
Other/undetermined: 3.2%
Its glycemic index
ranges from 31 to 78, depending on the variety.
Honey has a density of about 1.36 kilograms per liter
(36% denser than water).
Isotope ratio mass spectrometry can be used to detect
addition of corn syrup or sugar cane sugars by the
carbon isotopic signature. Addition of sugars
originating from corn or sugar cane (C4 plants, unlike
the plants used by bees which are predominantly C3
plants) skews the isotopic ratio of sugars present in
honey, but does not influence the isotopic ratio of
proteins; in an unadulterated honey the carbon
isotopic ratios of sugars and proteins should match.
As low as 7% level of addition can be detected |
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Classification by packaging and processing
Generally, honey is bottled in its familiar liquid
form. However, honey is sold in other forms, and
can be subjected to a variety of processing
methods.
- Crystallized
honey is honey in which some of the glucose
content has spontaneously crystallized from
solution as the monohydrate. Also called
"granulated honey." Honey that has crystallized
over time (or commercially purchased
crystallized) in the home can be returned to a
liquid state if stirred in a container sitting
in warm water at 120 °F (approx 49 °C).
- Pasteurized
honey is honey that has been heated in a
pasteurization process. Pasteurization destroys
yeast cells. It also liquefies any
micro-crystals in the honey which delays the
onset of visible crystallization. However,
excessive heat-exposure also results in product
deterioration as it increases the level of
hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and reduces enzyme
(e.g. diastase) activity. Heat also affects
appearance, taste, and fragrance, darkening the
natural honey color (browning).
- Raw honey is
honey as it exists in the beehive or as obtained
by extraction, settling or straining without
adding heat (although some honey that has been
"minimally processed" is often labeled as raw
honey).[38] Raw honey contains some pollen and
may contain small particles of wax. Local raw
honey is sought after by allergy sufferers as
the pollen impurities are thought to lessen the
sensitivity to hay fever (see Medical
Applications below).
- Strained honey
is honey which has been passed through a mesh
material to remove particulate material (pieces
of wax, propolis, other defects) without
removing pollen, minerals or valuable enzymes.
- Ultrafiltered
honey is honey processed by very fine filtration
under high pressure to remove all extraneous
solids and pollen grains. The process typically
heats honey to 150–170 °F (approx 65-77 °C) to
more easily pass through the fine filter.
Ultrafiltered honey is very clear and has a
longer shelf life, because it crystallizes more
slowly because of the high temperatures breaking
down any sugar seed crystals, making it
preferred by the supermarket trade.
- Ultrasonicated
honey is honey that has been processed by
ultrasonication, a non-thermal processing
alternative for honey. When honey is exposed to
ultrasonication, most of the yeast cells are
destroyed. Yeast cells that survive sonication
generally lose their ability to grow. This
reduces the rate of honey fermentation
substantially. Ultrasonication also eliminates
existing crystals and inhibits further
crystallization in honey. Ultrasonically aided
liquefaction can work at substantially lower
temperatures of approximately 35 °C (95 °F) and
can reduce liquefaction time to less than 30
seconds.
- Whipped honey,
also called creamed honey, spun honey, churned
honey, candied honey, and honey fondant, is
honey that has been processed to control
crystallization. Whipped honey contains a large
number of small crystals in the honey. The small
crystals prevent the formation of larger
crystals that can occur in unprocessed honey.
The processing also produces a honey with a
smooth spreadable consistency.
- Dried honey,
has the moisture extracted from liquid honey to
create a completely solid, non-sticky honey.
This process may or may not include the use of
drying and anti-binding agents. Dried honey is
commonly used to garnish desserts.
- Comb honey is
honey still in the honeybees' wax comb. Comb
honey traditionally is collected by using
standard wooden frames in honey supers. The
frames are collected and the comb cut out in
chunks before packaging. As an alternative to
this labor intensive method, plastic rings or
cartridges can be used that do not require
manual cutting of the comb, and speed packaging.
Comb honey harvested in the traditional manner
is also referred to as "Cut-Comb honey".* Chunk
honey is honey packed in wide mouth containers
consisting of one or more pieces of comb honey
immersed in extracted liquid honey.
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Aharon's
Jewish Books and Judaica
600 South Holly Street Suite 103
Denver, Colorado 80246
303-322-7345
800-830-8660
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Store
Hours
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